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Workshop — Buổi 08: WACC Calculator — Tính WACC hoàn chỉnh cho FPT

"The cost of capital is the opportunity cost of the investors who provide the capital." — Brealey, Myers & Allen


Mục tiêu Workshop

Xây dựng WACC Calculator hoàn chỉnh trong Excel cho FPT Corporation, bao gồm:

StepNội dungOutput
1Cost of Equity — CAPM với Rf TPCP 10Y, β regressionKe
2Cost of Debt — Synthetic Rating / Lãi suất BQKd×(1t)
3Capital Structure — Market Cap E & Total Debt DE/V, D/V
4WACC CalculationWACC
5Sensitivity Analysis — β±0.2, Rf±0.5%Data Table
6Link to DCF — WACC → DCF Model (Buổi 05)EV impact

Thời gian: 75 phút Công cụ: Microsoft Excel / Google Sheets Dữ liệu: FPT Corporation — BCTC 2024, Market data


Bước 0 — Setup Excel Workbook

Tab Structure

TabColorNội dung
Cover🔵Tên project, ngày, tác giả
Inputs🟢Tất cả key assumptions (blue font)
Beta🟡Regression output, comps, bottom-up
CAPM🟠Rf, ERP, Ke calculation
Kd🟠Cost of Debt analysis
WACC🔴Final WACC calculation
Sensitivity🟣Data Tables: β × Rf, β × ERP
Link-DCFImpact on EV from Buổi 05 DCF

Formatting Convention

ConventionÝ nghĩa
Blue fontHard-coded input / assumption
Black fontFormula / calculation
Green fontLink to another sheet
ItalicHistorical / source data
BoldKey outputs (Ke, Kd, WACC)

Bước 1 — Cost of Equity: CAPM

1.1 Risk-Free Rate (Rf)

SourceInstrumentYield
SBV / HNXTPCP 10 năm VN3.0%
US Treasury10-Year Note4.2%

Chọn: Rf=3.0% (VND-based approach, match currency of FPT cash flows)

Excel Cell: Inputs!B3 = 3.0% (blue font)

1.2 Beta Regression (β)

Data cần thu thập:

  • FPT monthly closing prices: 60 tháng (Jan 2020 – Dec 2024)
  • VN-Index monthly closing: 60 tháng
  • Source: cafef.vn, vndirect.com.vn, hoặc Bloomberg

Tính monthly returns:

Rt=PtPt1Pt1

Regression trong Excel:

=SLOPE(FPT_returns, VNIndex_returns)     → β
=RSQ(FPT_returns, VNIndex_returns)       → R²
=STEYX(FPT_returns, VNIndex_returns)     → Standard Error
=INTERCEPT(FPT_returns, VNIndex_returns) → α

Kết quả Regression FPT (est.):

StatisticExcel FunctionValue
β (slope)=SLOPE(...)1.05
α (intercept)=INTERCEPT(...)0.3%
R2=RSQ(...)0.42
Std Error of β0.15
95% CI for ββ±1.96×SE[0.76, 1.34]

Bloomberg Adjusted Beta:

βadjusted=23×1.05+13×1.0=0.70+0.33=1.03

1.3 Equity Risk Premium (ERP)

ComponentValueSource
US Implied ERP4.60%Damodaran (Jan 2025)
VN Country Risk Premium3.38%Damodaran CRP dataset
VN Total ERP7.98%Sum
Rounded for model8.0%

Excel Cell: Inputs!B5 = 8.0% (blue font)

1.4 Cost of Equity Calculation

Ke=Rf+β×ERP=3.0%+1.05×8.0%=11.4%

Excel Formula (CAPM tab):

=Inputs!B3 + Beta!B10 * Inputs!B5

→ Output: Ke=11.40%


Bước 2 — Cost of Debt (Kd)

2.1 Phương pháp 1: Lãi suất vay bình quân

Từ BCTC FPT 2024:

Chỉ tiêu (tỷ VND)202220232024E
Interest Expense580650700
Short-term Debt6,5007,2008,000
Long-term Debt8,5009,80010,000
Total Debt15,00017,00018,000
Average Total Debt16,00017,500
Implied Kd4.06%4.00%
Kd=Interest ExpenseAverage Total Debt=70017,500=4.00%

2.2 Phương pháp 2: Synthetic Rating (Damodaran)

ICR=EBITInterest Expense=11,500700=16.4

Tra bảng Damodaran (Large Company): ICR > 12.5 → AAA

Kd=Rf+Default SpreadAAA=3.0%+0.63%=3.63%

2.3 Chọn Kd cho model

MethodKd (pre-tax)
Implied (BCTC)4.00%
Synthetic Rating3.63%
Average / Selected3.8%
Kdaftertax=3.8%×(120%)=3.04%

Excel Cell: Inputs!B7 = 3.8%, Inputs!B8 = 20% (tax rate)


Bước 3 — Capital Structure (Market Value Weights)

3.1 Market Value of Equity (E)

InputValueSource
Share Price (FPT)~110,000 VNDHOSE
Diluted Shares Outstanding~1.09 tỷ CPFPT Annual Report
Market Cap (E)~120,000 tỷ VNDPrice × Shares

3.2 Market Value of Debt (D)

Vì FPT chủ yếu bank loans (not publicly traded bonds), assume Market Value ≈ Book Value:

D=18,000 tỷ VND

3.3 Capital Structure

ComponentValueWeight
E (Market Cap)120,00086.96%
D (Total Debt)18,00013.04%
V=E+D138,000100%
D/E Ratio0.15

Excel:

E/V = E / (E + D) = 120000 / 138000 = 86.96%
D/V = D / (E + D) = 18000 / 138000  = 13.04%

Bước 4 — WACC Calculation

4.1 Tổng hợp tất cả inputs

InputSymbolValueCell
Risk-Free RateRf3.0%Inputs!B3
Betaβ1.05Beta!B10
Equity Risk PremiumERP8.0%Inputs!B5
Cost of EquityKe11.40%CAPM!B5
Cost of Debt (pre-tax)Kd3.80%Inputs!B7
Tax Ratet20%Inputs!B8
Equity WeightE/V86.96%WACC!B3
Debt WeightD/V13.04%WACC!B4

4.2 WACC Formula

WACC=EV×Ke+DV×Kd×(1t)WACC=86.96%×11.40%+13.04%×3.80%×(120%)WACC=9.91%+0.40%=10.31%

Excel Formula (WACC tab):

=WACC!B3 * CAPM!B5 + WACC!B4 * Inputs!B7 * (1 - Inputs!B8)

→ Output: WACC=10.31%


Bước 5 — Sensitivity Analysis

5.1 Sensitivity Table 1: β × Rf

Thay đổi β từ 0.85 đến 1.25 (±0.2) và Rf từ 2.5% đến 3.5% (±0.5%):

WACCRf = 2.5%Rf = 2.75%Rf = 3.0%Rf = 3.25%Rf = 3.5%
β = 0.858.93%9.15%9.37%9.58%9.80%
β = 0.959.62%9.84%10.06%10.28%10.49%
β = 1.0510.32%10.53%10.31%10.97%11.18%
β = 1.1511.01%11.23%11.44%11.66%11.88%
β = 1.2511.71%11.92%12.14%12.36%12.57%

Excel: Dùng Data Table (What-If Analysis)

Bước 1: Đặt β values (0.85–1.25) ở Column A
Bước 2: Đặt Rf values (2.5%–3.5%) ở Row 1
Bước 3: Cell góc trên-trái = link to WACC output cell
Bước 4: Data → What-If Analysis → Data Table
         Row input cell: Inputs!B3 (Rf)
         Column input cell: Beta!B10 (β)

5.2 Sensitivity Table 2: β × ERP

WACCERP = 7.0%ERP = 7.5%ERP = 8.0%ERP = 8.5%ERP = 9.0%
β = 0.858.63%9.00%9.37%9.74%10.11%
β = 0.959.24%9.65%10.06%10.47%10.89%
β = 1.059.86%10.31%10.76%11.21%11.66%
β = 1.1510.47%10.97%11.46%11.95%12.44%
β = 1.2511.09%11.62%12.16%12.69%13.22%

5.3 Key Insights từ Sensitivity

ObservationImplication
β thay đổi 0.2 → WACC thay đổi ~1.4%β là main driver của WACC
Rf thay đổi 0.5% → WACC thay đổi ~0.4%Rf ít sensitive hơn β
ERP thay đổi 1% → WACC thay đổi ~0.9% (tại β=1.05)ERP quan trọng nhưng ít thay đổi
WACC range: 8.6% – 13.2%Wide range → cần justify assumptions carefully

6.1 Impact của WACC lên Enterprise Value

Từ DCF Model FPT (Buổi 05), với Terminal Growth g=3%:

WACCPV of FCFFPV of TVEnterprise ValueΔ vs Base
9.0%35,200128,500163,700+29%
9.5%34,100112,300146,400+15%
10.3%32,60094,400127,000Base
11.0%31,30082,100113,400−11%
12.0%29,50068,20097,700−23%

6.2 WACC × Terminal Growth Sensitivity (Enterprise Value, tỷ VND)

EVg = 1.5%g = 2.0%g = 2.5%g = 3.0%g = 3.5%
WACC = 9.0%121,000132,500146,200163,700186,400
WACC = 9.5%113,100122,400133,600146,400163,000
WACC = 10.3%102,000109,200117,600127,000138,800
WACC = 11.0%93,80099,500106,200113,400122,400
WACC = 12.0%84,10088,00092,70097,700103,700

Kết luận: WACC thay đổi 1% (10.3% → 11.3%) có thể làm EV giảm ~13,600 tỷ VND (~11%). Đây là lý do WACC estimation phải được thực hiện cẩn trọng và có cơ sở.


Checklist hoàn thành Workshop

#Task
1Rf từ TPCP 10Y VN sourced & justified
2β regression 60 months calculated
3ERP sourced (Damodaran) & CRP included
4Ke CAPM calculated
5Kd từ BCTC / Synthetic Rating
6Market Cap & Debt weight calculated
7WACC final number
8Sensitivity Table: β × Rf
9Sensitivity Table: β × ERP
10EV impact linked to DCF model

Pro Tips

✅ Best Practices

  1. Tất cả inputs trong 1 tabInputs tab, blue font, easy to audit
  2. Source mọi con số — ghi rõ "Damodaran Jan 2025" hay "Bloomberg 60M"
  3. Dùng ROUND() — WACC nên report 2 decimal places (e.g., 10.31%)
  4. Cross-check — WACC phải > Kd(after-tax) và < Ke. Nếu vi phạm → sai weights hoặc formula

❌ Common Mistakes

MistakeHậu quảCách tránh
Dùng Book Value cho EWeights sai → WACC saiLuôn dùng Market Cap
Quên (1t) cho KdWACC overstatedCheck formula: Kd×(1t)
Dùng β từ website không rõ sourceKhông biết 60M hay 24M, adjusted hay rawTự tính hoặc dùng Bloomberg/Damodaran
Double-count CRPERP quá cao → Ke quá caoCRP chỉ add nếu dùng US Rf
Rf currency mismatchKết quả vô nghĩaVND cash flows → VND Rf
Kd = coupon rate thay vì YTMKd saiYTM from market, not coupon

Điều hướng Buổi 08

Tài liệuMô tả
📖 Bài giảng chínhWACC, CAPM, Beta, Cost of Debt — lý thuyết đầy đủ
📝 BlogWACC trong M&A · Beta Tesla vs VNM · Damodaran ERP
📊 Case StudyTesla CAPM, FPT bottom-up Beta, VN Country Risk Premium
📚 StandardsCFA, Damodaran, McKinsey, Fama-French frameworks
🔧 WorkshopWACC Calculator — FPT: CAPM, Kd, Sensitivity β & Rf
🎮 GameWACC Speed Run — 8 bài tính nhanh, 3 huy chương